Egypt's National Climate Change strategy is designed to consolidate all aspects of climate change in one document to be a basic reference that ensures the integration of climate change dimension into general planning of all sectors in the country. It was developed at the request of the National Council for Climate Change. The strategy contains five key goals and sets directions to achieve each objective: Goal 1: Achieving Sustainable Economic Growth and Low-Emission Development in Various Sectors&nbsp; Goal 2: Enhancing Adaptive Capacity and Resilience to Climate Change and Alleviating the Associated Negative Impacts&nbsp; Goal 3: Enhancing Climate Change Action Governance&nbsp; Goal 4: Enhancing Climate Financing Infrastructure&nbsp; Goal 5: Enhancing Scientific Research, Technology Transfer, Knowledge Management and Awareness to Combat Climate Change&nbsp;

According to Egypt's NDC and other media reports, in July 2021 Egypt's Financial Regulatory Authority introduced two decrees requiring companies listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange and companies in the non-banking financial sector to report on climate-related risks and opportunities, in line with the recommendations of the TCFD. Full text documents could not be found for these decrees beyond an FRA communication.

This Decree establishes changes to the institutional mandate of the National Council for Climate Change, which was first established by Decree 1912/2015. The Decree deals with the institutional arrangements for the Council, which is tasked with the development of policies and plans regarding climate change, and with the promotion of climate change information.

This Decree establishes the National Council for Climate Change.

This document sets out Egypt's vision and strategy for its development to 2030, it includes a number of aims related to climate change focused on renewable energy and developing climate adaptation measures.

This law was officially approved on 31 May 2017, and entered into force on 1st June 2017. It sets rules in the country for all local and foreign investments, which are placed under one of four regimes: Inland Investment, Investment Zones, Technological Zones and Free Zones. Art. 11 on special incentives notably establishes a % tax deduction on net profits, set up at 30% off the investment costs for projects which depend on or produce&nbsp; new and renewable energy. This incentive is subject to conditions are specified by <a href="https://www.gafi.gov.eg/English/StartaBusiness/Laws-and-Regulations/PublishingImages/Pages/BusinessLaws/Investment%20Law.pdf">Prime Ministerial Decree No. 2310/2017</a>.&nbsp; </div><div>Art. 20 states that renewable energy projects marked as strategic may be granted one approval for the establishment, operation, and management of the project without any further procedure. Art. 68 (in section IV) creates the Supreme Council for Investment.

As part of it's energy reform programmes to reduce energy subsidies and level the playing field for renenwables Egypt issued decree No. 2807 that increased the selling price of gasoline, kerosene, and solar power.&nbsp; Four further decrees were subsequently issued to determine the new prices of other fuel types including natural gas used for vehicles and for domestic use.&nbsp; Further decrees were subsequently issued to determine the new prices of other fuel types including natural gas used for vehicles and for domestic use. The reform was accompanied by a cash transfer program called Takaful w Karama to limit the impact of the reforms on vulnerable households. The full text of this document could not be found, this summary is based on <a href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35533/Developing-Human-Capital-in-Egypt-through-Energy-Subsidy-Reforms-A-Case-Study.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y">information produced</a> by the World Bank and on academic research.

The <a href="http://www.egyptera.org/en/news1.aspx">Electricity Law</a> provides for a reform and opening of the Egyptian electricity market, and restructures the role of the Electricity Utility and Consumer Protection Regulatory Agency. The Agency is now, among others matters, responsible for regulating the development and encouragement of renewable energy production and use, and increased electricity use efficiency, as well as issuing renewable source certificates that could be traded upon issuance of regulations detailing the process. 
The Law also contributes to increased competitiveness of the electricity market and opening up for distributed (including clean energy) production, by: 
 
 
 
 
 
<ol> 
<li>allowing for private sector participation in electricity generation and distribution;</li> 
<li>setting out the framework for market liberalisation through de-monopolising generation and distribution activities;</li> 
<li>restructuring the roles of the Egyptian Electric Utility & Consumer Protection Agency and the Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company, in particular in relation to ensuring freedom of competition in the power sector market; and</li> 
<li>codifying the fundamentals of permitting and licensing, including for renewable electricity production.</li> 
</ol>

The Presidential Decree No 17/2015 amending Investment Law no. 8/1997 aims to help attract energy investments in Egypt, including in the renewable energy sector, as Egypt seeks to produce 20% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 (New and Renewable Energy Authority). 
 
Tax incentives provided for by the Decree include: 
<ul> 
<li>Reducing sales tax from as high as 10% to 5%;</li> 
<li>Setting low customs duties on equipment used for energy production at 2%.</li> 
</ul> 
Additional non-tax incentives offered to energy producers are: 
<ul> 
<li>Refunding the expenses paid to extend infrastructure facilities to the project's land (e.g. grid connection);</li> 
<li>Subsidising training programs and social insurance for employees;</li> 
<li>Allocating government-owned land at discounted prices or free of charge.</li> 
</ul>

The aim of the <a href="http://egyptera.org/Downloads/Laws/law2014.pdf">Renewable Energy Law (Law 203/2014) </a> is to encourage the private sector to produce electricity from renewable energy sources. 
The law provides several options for support to renewable energy projects, and allows a gradual shift away from state administered projects to privately financed projects. The key project structures envisaged are (Art. 2): 
 
<ul> 
<li>Projects which are tendered and operated by New and Renewable Energy Authority (established in 1986);</li> 
<li>Projects which are tendered by the (state owned) Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (ETC) on a Build-Own-Operate basis, where the private investor enters into a long term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with ETC.</li> 
<li>Projects established by private investors who sell the electricity generated by those projects to ETC on basis of the feed-in tariff (FiT) enacted by <a href="http://www.lawforall.info/uploads/141/97/Note_on_Egypts_Feed-in_Tariffs_for_Renewable_Energy_Projects.pdf">Decree 1947/2014</a>. The FiT, to be granted for 25 years for solar projects and 20 years for wind, differentiates between solar and wind projects and project sizes. The FiT varies between 0.136 USD and 0.1434 USD for solar projects of 500kW-20MW and 20MW-50MW respectively, and from 0.0957 USD to 0.1148 USD for the first 5 years of operation and between 0.0460 USD to 0.1148 USD for the remaining 15 years for wind projects.</li> 
<li>Private investors entering into direct PPAs with (large) consumers and being granted access to the grid.</li> 
</ul>

EGYPT'S FIRST UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS, Nationally Determined Contribution from Egypt in 2022

Egypt. Biennial update report (BUR). BUR 1., Biennial Update Report from Egypt in 2019

Egypt First NDC, Nationally Determined Contribution from Egypt in 2017

Egypt. National Communication (NC). NC 3., National Communication from Egypt in 2016

Financial Regulatory Authority Decrees No. 107 and 108

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