This climate law establishes a legal framework for Mongolia to implement climate change mitigation, adaptation, and resilience measures in line with the country’s goals to (i) achieve net-zero emissions, (ii) implement environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable development measures (iii) create green finance mechanisms and carbon markets and (iv) establish a greenhouse gas inventory with measurement, reporting, and transparency measures. The Law encompasses efforts across national and local governance, development, finance, and oversight functions.
It sets out that the government will develop, approve, and oversee the short-, medium-, and long-term policies of Mongolia’s climate change mitigation, adaptation, and resilience programs; including the funding required to implement the Law. The government will establish and operate a National Committee on Climate Change to coordinate intersectoral coordination of climate change planning and implementation. The central state administrative bodies and the governors of the country’s provinces will work together to set local targets in line with the Nationally Determined Contribution target, as well as conduct climate change risk and vulnerability assessments.
The Law also, importantly, establishes national regulations on green finance instruments and carbon markets. It dictates that there will be five types of carbon markets: multilateral, bilateral, national, offsetting, and voluntary. This will be overseen by a National Coordinating Body. The Body will be responsible for environmental monitoring, organising a national greenhouse gas inventory and reporting mechanism, and administering the registry system for carbon credits. This Body will also document the carbon-market project programs, oversee transparency, and report information on the operation of the country’s climate change platform and results of the green finance programs.
The Law stipulates that it will be regulated by ten specific principles, including using traditional knowledge, ensuring gender equality, supporting a just and inclusive transition, and giving priority consideration to sectors and people most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

Mongolia's Law on Climate Change (МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ХУУЛЬ  УУР АМЬСГАЛЫН ӨӨРЧЛӨЛТИЙН ТУХАЙ)

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Mongolia's Law on Climate Change

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An aim to achieve a quantifiable outcome within a given time-frame, set by an institution such as a national government.

Policy instruments are techniques or tools used by governing authorities to promote certain policies in order to achieve predetermined goals. Put simply, instruments are how a government tries to achieve its goals, with this taxonomy being focused on national policy instruments.

Risk is the potential for adverse consequences resulting from the dynamic interplay between (climate-related) hazards, exposure, and vulnerability of affected human or ecological systems.

Groups  of people who are adversely affected by climate change or the response to it

A set of principles, processes, and practices that build economic and political power to shift from an extractive economy to a regenerative economy.

Justice is the ethical and political framework that addresses fairness, including issues of responsibility, rights, and structural inequity.

Renewable energy means all forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner.

Fossil fuel is a generic term for non-renewable energy sources such as coal, fossil gas, and oil (including crude oil, and petroleum products), that can be used for electricity and heat generation. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from pressurised and heated organic material buried over millions of years.

Molecules in the atmosphere that play a key role in the greenhouse effect by trapping heat radiating from Earth’s surface.

Area of the economy in which actors engage in identical or related activities.

In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate change and its effects, in order to moderate harm, increase resilience or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate change and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate change and its effects.

The management and allocation of funds, assets and investments to meet various objectives

A tax advantage is a fiscal incentive where the government reduces or exempts selected activities, goods or actors from taxes.

A loan is a policy instrument where funds are provided to a borrower with the expectation of repaying the principal plus interest.

Compulsory, required payments to the government that are levied more-or-less in proportion to the services provided. Fees and charges range from entrance fees to national parks, charges on land-based sewage discharge.

Tradable permits are market-based tools that grant permission for specific activities, frequently used to regulate emissions. These permits can be issued within a trading system to manage environmental impacts.

A ban is a legal action that prevents the sale or supply of a product or service, or that recalls a product from the market. Examples are bans on SF6, greenwashing, fossil fuel advertisement or single-use plastics.

Financial actors and resources that are primarily directed towards climate change mitigation, adaptation and compensation.

Dedicated pool of financial resources for climate-related projects.

A financial institution that manages a country's currency and can promote climate-related initiatives through green monetary policy and other means.

Either money or something of monetary value is transferred between two or more organisations, people or countries.

Conditions that enhance the feasibility of adaptation options. Enabling conditions include finance, technological innovation, strengthening policy instruments, institutional capacity, multi-level governance and changes in human behaviour and lifestyles.

A long-lived, colourless gas, chiefly emitted from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation and cement production.

A potent, short-lived greehouse gas, largely released from livestock, fossil fuel extraction and waste management.

Fossil gas, commonly known as natural gas, is a fossil fuel consisting chiefly of methane with smaller amounts of other hydrocarbons and trace gases, found in underground deposits.

People with different national or cultural traditions from the dominant population

Social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced

woman and genders outside of the gender binary

Any compulsory, unrequited payment to the government levied on corporations or individuals. This can be for environmental reasons, such as introducing a Carbon tax to set a price that emitters must pay for the greenhouse gases they emit.

This sector involves activities that impart knowledge and skills to individuals, including formal schooling, vocational training and educational support.

Activities of government agencies and institutions that provide public services, enforce laws and manage public resources.

Activities of businesses and institutions that provide financial services and products to individuals and organisations.

the fair distribution of risks and opportunities of climate change and the transition to a regenerative economy, cognisant in particular of disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities and the working class

Procedural justice means ensuring that decision making is safe, transparent and inclusive, emphasizing the agency and influence of vulnerable groups and those most impacted.

Climate change impacts our society by disrupting the natural, economic and social systems we depend on. Physical hazards and underlying vulnerabilities can lead to increased resource competition for food and water, which can heighten the risk of conflict.

Mongolia's Law on Climate Change

Policy instrument

Risk

Impacted group

Just transition

Climate justice

Fossil fuel

Greenhouse gas

Economic sector

Adaptation/resilience

Finance