The National Adaptation Strategy sets out a vision, goals and near-term targets across five interconnected systems:<ul><li>Disaster resilience</li><li>Health and wellbeing</li><li>Nature and biodiversity</li><li>Infrastructure</li><li>Economy and workers</li></ul> Targets under the strategy include:<ul><li>By 2025, 60% of Canadians, including northerners and Indigenous Peoples, are aware of the disaster risks facing their household.</li><li>By 2025, 50% of Canadians have taken concrete actions to better prepare for and respond to climate change risks facing their household.</li><li>By 2027, 80% of coastal communities and 60% of businesses located in coastal regions are implementing adaptation actions to increase climate resilience and reduce the economic impacts of climate change.</li><li>By 2028, the federal government, provinces, and territories have worked collaboratively to prioritise at least 200 higher-risk flood areas for new flood hazard maps / regional level modelling, and have taken evidence-based risk mitigation actions in accordance with scientific guidance.</li><li>Communities, including northern and Indigenous communities, in zones of high risk, as identified by provinces and territories, develop wildfire community prevention and mitigation plans by 2030, with up to 15% implemented by 2028.&nbsp;</li><li>By 2030, robust guidance, codes and standards covering the top climate change risks for key public infrastructure systems are available to be adopted by all infrastructure decision-makers.</li><li>By 2040, deaths due to extreme heatwaves have been eliminated.</li></ul> The Adaptation Action Plan provides the framework to achieve the goals of the National Adaptation Strategy.

As a signatory of the Global Methane Pledge, Canada has committed to reduce human-caused methane emissions across its economic sectors by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. As part of this commitment, the Canadian government has produced this methane strategy which outlines the country’s plans for reducing methane emissions. These plans include improvements in monitoring methane emissions in the atmosphere, as well as mitigation specific measures in three key methane-producing sectors: oil and gas, landfills and waste, and agriculture. Proposed mitigation measures include:1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strengthening methane regulations to achieve at least a 75% reduction of oil and gas methane emissions by 2030 from 2012 levels (set to be published in 2023);2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developing new technologies to reduce methane emissions through electrification, fuel switching, improvements to efficiency, and mitigating fugitive emissions;3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;improving leak detection and repair processes and deploying gas capture technologies to reduce direct release into the atmosphere;4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developing new regulations to increase the recovery and destruction of methane from large municipal solid waste landfills by approximately 50% by 2030 from 2019 levels;5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;working with provinces and territories to support and accelerate resource and energy recovery efforts for biodegradable waste;6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;creating the On-Farm Climate Action Fund (OFCAF) as part of the Agricultural Climate Solutions programme, which will provide $670m in funding to support immediate on-farm action to tackle climate change, including methane-reducing measures;7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developing the Agricultural Clean Technology (ACT) programme to support the development and adoption of clean technologies in agriculture;8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;developing a Livestock Feed Management protocol to use in Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Offset Credit System.

This document outlines Export Development Canada’s (EDC) roadmap for achieving its net zero by 2050 target, which it committed to in July 2021. The roadmap includes calculating the EDC’s portfolio financed emissions in alignment with the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) guidance; setting interim targets to reduce financing exposure to the six most carbon-intensive sectors as well as sectoral science-based targets that align with limiting warming to 1.5C or lower; reducing operational GHG emissions to nearly zero, with any remaining emissions neutralised through carbon removal credits; developing and expanding the solutions the EDC is able to procure to customers to help reduce their emissions through clean technology, sustainability-linked loans and other sustainable finance tools.&nbsp;

<div>This plan is the first developed under the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act. It develops sectoral projections of emissions reductions to 2030 with a view on achieving net-zero by 2050, details the government's low-carbon strategy and announces $9.1 billion in new federal investments. The government notably states its objective of reducing methane emissions from the fossil fuel industry. Progress under the plan will be reviewed in 2023, 2025, and 2027. Additional targets and plans will be developed for 2035 through to 2050. Sectoral goals, funding and measures laid out in the document include the following:&nbsp;</div><ul><li>Homes and buildings: develop a&nbsp; $150 million Canada Green Buildings Strategy and provide $458.5 million of new investment to the Canada Greener Homes Loan program in order to reduce energy costs</li><li>Indigenous climate action: the Low Carbon Economy Fund is renewed ($2.2 billion funding) and include a dedicated $180 million Indigenous Leadership Fund</li><li>Energy systems: support regional growth, jobs and transformation of energy systems with a $25 million investment in Regional Strategic Initiatives</li><li>Electricity grid: aim of establishing a Pan-Canadian Grid Council to promote clean electricity infrastructure investments in coordination with provinces and utilities. Investment of $600 million in the Smart Renewables and Electrification Pathways Program and $250 million to support predevelopment work for large clean electricity projects</li><li>Clean transport: reduction of emissions from light, and heavy vehicles. provision of $1.7 billion to extend the Incentives for Zero-Emission Vehicles (iZEV). $400 million in additional funding for zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) charging stations. The Canada Infrastructure Bank will also invest $500 million in ZEV charging and refueling infrastructure. Sales mandate to be put in place to ensure thresholds of clean vehicles sales. Development of a MHDV ZEV (medium- and heavy-duty zero emission vehicles) regulation.&nbsp;</li><li>Industry: developing a carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) strategy, introducing an investment tax credit to incentivize the development and adoption of this important technology, and investing $194 million to expand the Industrial Energy Management System to support ISO 50001 certification, energy managers, cohort- based training, audits, and energy efficiency-focused retrofits for key small-to-moderate projects.</li><li>Agriculture: help the sector to adopt sustainable practices thanks to an investment of $470 million in the Agricultural Climate Solutions: On-Farm Climate Action Fund. Further to this, there will be a tripling of investment of the funding for the Agricultural Clean Technology Program (to $330 million) to support the purchase of energy-efficient equipment. $100 million will also be invested on science to support a sectoral transition to net-zero by 2050.</li><li>Environment: promote nature-based emissions reductions through an additional provision of $780 million for the Nature Smart Climate Solutions Fund.</li><li>carbon pricing: develop strategy to "guarantee the price of pollution", using&nbsp; legislative approaches and investment approaches, like carbon contracts for differences. Aims to see carbon price rising by $15 a year in order to reach $170/tonne by 2030.</li></ul>

This is Canada’s strengthened climate plan to "create jobs and support people, communities and the planet". The plan is built on five pillars: 1) Making the Places Canadians Live and Gather More Affordable by Cutting Energy Waste 2) Making Clean, Affordable Transport and Power Available in Every Community&nbsp; 3) Continuing to Ensure Pollution isn’t Free and Households Get More Money Back&nbsp; 4) Building Canada’s Clean Industrial Advantage&nbsp; 5) Embracing the Power of Nature to Support Healthier Families and More Resilient Communities&nbsp;

﻿The Regulations will replace the current federal Renewable Fuels Regulations.The Clean Fuel Regulations&nbsp;require liquid fossil fuel producers and importers to gradually reduce the carbon intensity of the gasoline and diesel that they produce and sell for use in Canada. In the Regulations, carbon intensity includes GHG emissions from the extraction, refining, distribution, and use of the fuel. In 2023, the carbon intensity reduction requirement will start at 3.5 gCO2e/MJ and will increase by 1.5 gCO2e/MJ each year, reaching 14 gCO2e/MJ in 2030.The Clean Fuel Regulations establish a credit market.&nbsp;Producers and importers of gasoline and diesel must create or buy credits to comply with the reduction requirements.&nbsp;

The Canadian Greenhouse Gas Offset Credit System Regulations SOR/2022-111 are made pursuant to section 192 and 195 of the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act and section 5 of the Environmental Violations Administrative Monetary Penalties Act.The regulations apply nationwide to projects located in Canada that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or increase GHG removals from the atmosphere, in such a way that is quantifiable, verifiable and permanent. The regulations outline the conditions that eligible projects must meet to qualify for registering for offsets, when paired with the applicable federal offset protocol, as well as the conditions under which the offsets for GHGs are granted. Currently, only applications for project registration under the ‘Landfill Methane Recover and Destruction’ and ‘Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Refrigeration Systems’ protocols are being accepted. &nbsp;

The Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act, which received royal assent on 29 June 2021, sets out Canada's federal emissions reduction targets in law and creates new mechanisms for legislative oversight of action to meet them. Section 6 sets out a long-term objective of achieving net zero emissions by at least 2050.&nbsp; Section 7 adopts Canada's existing NDC target of 2030 as a legal target, which may be amended from time to time, and then requires that additional targets be set for the "milestone years" of 2035, 2040, and 2045 at least 10 years ahead of each milestone year. All targets must be progressively more ambitious. For each target, the government must publish a plan detailing measures to meet that target. Section 8 provides that both the best available scientific evidence and Indigenous knowledge should be taken into account when targets are set. Section 9 requires the Minister to develop a greenhouse gas emissions reduction plan for 2030 within 6 months of the passage of the Act, including an interim objective for 2026. Further provisions are made for the contents of the plan and for public participation in the target setting process. Subsequent provisions ensure that all targets and progress reports are tabled in parliament and made public. Section 14 sets out a timetable for progress reports until 2030 and ahead of each milestone year. Section 16 sets out reporting requirements in the event of a missed target. Sections 20--22 establish an Independent Advisory Body, which is mandated to provide advice on both target setting and emission reduction plans, as well as any other relevant issues. Members are appointed by the Government on a part time basis for a renewable term of up to 3 years. Section 23 requires the Minister of finance to prepare an annual report on financial risks and opportunities associated with climate change. Finally, Section 24 provides that the Commissioner for the Environment and Sustainable Development must examine and report on implementation measures at least once every five years, with the first report due no later than 2024.

The Impact Assessment Act of 2019 replaces the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012. The Act provides the overall architecture for the federal environmental impact assessment regime in Canada. The Act broadens the scope of environmental impact assessments to include environmental, social, health and economic aspects. Section 22(1)(b)(i) requires that the body conducting the assessment must consider the extent to which the project may contribute to or hinder the Government of Canada's ability to meet its obligations and commitments in respect of climate change. Section 63(e) provides that in granting Ministerial approval to a designated project the relevant Minister must consider the extent to which the project may contribute to or hinder the Government of Canada's ability to meet its obligations and commitments in response of climate change.The Canadian government indicated in a June 2021 policy statement&nbsp;its intention to phase out thermal coal mining by 2030 in order to meet the Impact Assessment Act's requirements with regard to the assessment of public interest of new projects. On October 13, 2023, the Supreme Court of Canada released its judgment in a legal challenge to the Act (<a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/20102/index.do" target="_blank">Reference re Impact Assessment Act</a>), brought by the government of Alberta. The Supreme Court <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2023/supreme-court-of-canada-finds-the-federal-impact-assessment-act-unconstitutional" target="_blank">found</a> that parts of the act were in violation of Canada's constitution. Recent <a rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/impact-assessment-act-guilbeault-1.7008932" target="_blank">news reports</a> state that, in spite of the Supreme Court's ruling, the federal government has decided to amend the existing Act to align with the Supreme Court's judgment, rather than striking down the Act in its entirety.

The Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act establishes a federal price on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions beginning in January 2019 and applying to any province or territory of Canada that requests the price, or to any province or territory of Canada that has not implemented a compliant carbon pricing regime.

The GHG pollution prices set out in this law start at C$20 per ton in 2019, although they rise by C$10 per ton annually until a maximum of C$50 per ton in 2022. The price will then stay at C$50 per ton unless new legislation is introduced to revise the price.

According to the law, producers, distributors and importers of fossil fuels and combustible waste must register and file monthly reports and returns showing that they have paid the net taxes for the fuels and waste they produce, distribute or import.

Exploring Approaches for Canada's Transition to Net-Zero Emissions, Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy from Canada in 2022

Canada. 2022 National Inventory Report (NIR) French., National Inventory Report from Canada in 2022

Submission by Canada: First Technical Dialogue under the Global Stocktake, Submission to the Global Stocktake from Canada in 2022

Canada. 2022 National Inventory Report (NIR), National Inventory Report from Canada in 2022

Canada. 2021 National Inventory Report (NIR) French., National Inventory Report from Canada in 2021

Canada Emission Reduction Incentives Agency Act (S.C. 2005, c. 30, s. 87)

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This law establishes the Canada Emission Reduction Incentives Agency, whose task it is to come up with incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions either through emissions credits or greenhouse gas removal. This law outlines specific criteria the agency must meet, including details related to its organizational structure, duties and responsibilities under the law and guidelines for preparing and publishing reports.

Canada Emission Reduction Incentives Agency Act (S.C. 2005, c. 30, s. 87)

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