The Constitutional Reform on Energy (Energy Reform Decree and related 9 newly created laws and 12 modified laws) aims to modernise the energy system by introducing greater competitiveness and efficiency to the hydrocarbons sector, supporting shift towards low-carbon electricity generation and introducing the concept of sustainability' into the Constitution. The new laws adopted within the Reform package include: -Law on Hydrocarbons (seeks to attract foreign investment to Mexico's hydrocarbon sector, but also eliminates gasoline subsidies and promotes substitution of oil energy sources by natural gas by establishing lower tax rates for shale gas exploitation; in addition it provides for creation of ‘safeguarded areas' where hydrocarbon extraction is prohibited) -Law on the Electricity industry (increase share of renewable electricity, clean energy certification, planning for a smart grid) -Law on Coordinated Regulatory Organs for the energy matters -Law on Petróleos Mexicanos (reforms the structure and obligations of the state oil company PEMEX) -Law on the Federal Electricity Commission -Law on the Agency for National Industry Securityand Environment Protection in the Hydrocarbon Sector (industry operations security and control of hazardous emissions) -Law on Geothermal Energy (regulates the exploration and exploitation of geothermal energy production for electricity generation and other uses) -Law on Revenues from Hydrocarbons -Law on the Mexican Petrol Fund for Stability and Development (revenues from petrol extraction in Mexico, of which at least 40% annually are reserved for long-term savings 'for the future generations', while the rest can be used for investment projects not limited to clean technologies - e.g. oil development projects included)

Energy Reform Package

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Decree Amending the Constitution of Mexico

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Policy instruments are techniques or tools used by governing authorities to promote certain policies in order to achieve predetermined goals. Put simply, instruments are how a government tries to achieve its goals, with this taxonomy being focused on national policy instruments.

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Justice is the ethical and political framework that addresses fairness, including issues of responsibility, rights, and structural inequity.

Renewable energy means all forms of energy produced from renewable sources in a sustainable manner.

Fossil fuel is a generic term for non-renewable energy sources such as coal, fossil gas, and oil (including crude oil, and petroleum products), that can be used for electricity and heat generation. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons formed from pressurised and heated organic material buried over millions of years.

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Area of the economy in which actors engage in identical or related activities.

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Either money or something of monetary value is transferred between two or more organisations, people or countries.

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Oil is a combustible liquid fossil fuel composed mainly of hydrocarbons, occurring as crude oil and refined into petroleum products such as petrol, diesel and kerosene.

Fossil gas, commonly known as natural gas, is a fossil fuel consisting chiefly of methane with smaller amounts of other hydrocarbons and trace gases, found in underground deposits.

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Any compulsory, unrequited payment to the government levied on corporations or individuals. This can be for environmental reasons, such as introducing a Carbon tax to set a price that emitters must pay for the greenhouse gases they emit.

Activities of industries that extract natural resources, such as mining, oil, and gas, for commercial use.

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the fair distribution of risks and opportunities of climate change and the transition to a regenerative economy, cognisant in particular of disproportionate impacts on vulnerable communities and the working class

Procedural justice means ensuring that decision making is safe, transparent and inclusive, emphasizing the agency and influence of vulnerable groups and those most impacted.

Decree Amending the Constitution of Mexico

Policy instrument

Just transition

Climate justice

Renewable energy

Fossil fuel

Economic sector

Finance